MLS Seamanship Series - What numbers do your see?

What numbers do you see?

Many people who have been diagnosed as being color blind have either been misinformed or believe that they cannot meet the physical requirements to earn a U.S. Coast Guard issued Captains License. This is 100% NOT TRUE! If it sounds like I am talking about you then be sure to read on....

Color blindness is the inability to distinguish the differences between certain colors. This condition results from an absence of color-sensitive pigment in the cone cells of the retina, the nerve layer at the back of the eye.

Color blindness affects approximately 1 in 12 men (8%) and 1 in 200 women in the world. There are different causes of color blindness. For the vast majority of people with deficient color vision the condition is genetic and has been inherited from their mother, although some people become color blind as a result of other diseases such as diabetes and multiple sclerosis or they acquire the condition over time due to the aging process, medication etc.

Testing for Color-blindness

The type of test you're probably most familiar with is done using Ishihara plates or pseudoisochromatic plates (PIP). An Ishihara plate shows an assemblage of color dots with a number in the middle made with different colored dots. Ishihara plates can help diagnose red-green color vision defects. It isn't the perfect test, though -- sometimes the colors in one set don't quite match up with the plates in a different set, or maybe they look different in one kind of lighting than in another.

Another option is the Farnsworth Lantern Test (FALANT) which is often regarded as the simplest and most accurate color vision test. Research has proven this test has a lower fail rate than other commonly used tests such as the pseudoisochromatic plate  books. The test consists of showing a pair of vertically oriented lights consisting of combinations of either red, green or yellow-white. The test subject is asked to identify the two colors (some of which are identical). Nine color pairs are administered during the test, beginning with a red/green combination, to allow the patient to see these two colors prior to seeing a white light, which decreases testing errors. The examinee is shown the target for only two seconds, as color-deficient patients can sometimes correctly identify the colors with prolonged exposure. The yellow-white light, or one of the identical paired lights, employs a 50% neutral gray filter to reduce luminance cues to the color-deficient patient. Random presentation reduces memorization of the test sequence.

In the Coast Guard's world there are no intermediate levels of colorblindness the test conducted by your physician is a pass/fail examination. If you are unable to pass your color vision test, don't worry, the U.S. Coast Guard will simply impose a daytime restriction on your license. This just means that you cannot operate a vessel professionally from sunset to sunrise.

Bottom line - Color blindness, no matter how severe, will not prevent you from qualifying for a USCG issued Captains License!

Mariners Learning System is the go-to place for education and information on obtaining a Captains License. Fully certified by the U.S. Coast Guard, we are known for providing Knowledge and Knowhow... Anytime, Anywhere and help thousands of students pass their Captain's exam each year!

MLS Seamanship Series - Fines for Running Charters Without a License

USCG Licensed Captain Steve Hale

The fines are stiff if you are caught charging passengers a fee (consideration) to go out on your boat without being a USCG Licensed Captain. How does $10,000 per occurrence sound? And to make matters worse... If you are not enrolled in an approved random drug testing program you can add another $5,000 for each day you are caught doing so. Well it’s true!

Unless you are independently wealthy and enjoy giving money to the U.S. Government this is a practice one should certainly consider long before getting caught.

“They won’t catch me” you say… Well most people running illegal charter businesses are caught because they run their operation out of a marina where there are other “legal” Captains are running their business. If they see you filling your boat while they sit on the dock you can bet it will not be long before they drop a “dime” and give the Coast Guard a call.

Now that you have this new found knowledge would you like to know how the Coast Guard regulations define a passenger-for-hire? If so read on...

On December 20, 1993, President Bill Clinton signed into law the Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993. This law clearly defines what a “paying” passenger is considered to be. This law can be found in Title 46 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations and in part states:

Definition of Terms

Consideration means an economic benefit, inducement, right, or profit, including pecuniary payment accruing to an individual, person, or entity but not including a voluntary sharing of the actual expenses of the voyage by monetary contributions or donation of fuel, food, beverage, or other supplies.

Passenger means an individual carried on a vessel, except

(i)                  He owner or an individual representative of the owner:

(ii)                The master;

(iii)        A member of the crew engaged in the business of the vessel who has not contributed consideration for carriage, and who is paid for on-board services.

Passenger-for-hire means a passenger, for whom consideration is contributed as a condition of carriage on the vessel, whether directly or indirectly, flowing to the owner, charterer, operator, agent, or any other person having an interest in the vessel.

What does it all mean?

If you and your friends go out on a fishing trip together they can share the fuel, food, and bait expenses without being considered a passenger-for-hire. This would also apply if you were doing a sunset cruise with your friends or family. The key element here is that in each of these cases the time spent out on the water is with friends and family who have gathered socially.

Take the “social” aspect away from these scenarios and things change significantly. Some of these differences are clearer than others. For instance, if you were to purchase a ticket to ride a ferry or fishing boat this is clearly an example of being a “paying” passenger. However, what if you were a salesperson taking clients out on their boat with the intention of building a business relationship with the expectation that they will receive some sort of “economic” benefit in the future? In this case, even though no money was exchanged during the trip; those passengers are still considered, under the rules, to be for-hire thus requiring the salesperson to be a licensed Captain.

Even with these regulations in place “sea-lawyers” love to read between the lines and argue the true meaning of these regulations. Penalties for making the wrong decision can be quite severe. The law is clear. How you choose to interpret these regulations is up to you - But why would you want to take the risk?

So you want to be a Captain - How difficult is the test?

Mariners are required to successfully pass written examinations in order to earn a Coast Guard License. This applies to original licensing, as well as raises of grade, increases of scope, and renewal, both for officer and rating endorsements. 

Exam topics include Navigational Rules of the Road, Deck General and Safety, Environmental Protection, Navigation General, and Plotting Questions. The total number of questions and minimum passing score depends on the type of license you wish to obtain. 

The OUPV/Six-pack or Charter Boat Captain's License is the most popular of the Captain's Licenses and is required for those wishing to offer fishing and sailing charters, drive a dive boat, or run sightseeing tours, etc. This license is commonly referred to as a "Six-pack" because it allows the holder to take up to six paying passengers and crew on the water.

The grading standards for this license are shown on the following chart:

What do I need to know about testing?

Passing the test requires study, but you can do it. Taking an approved course will help you be prepared to pass the test (for example, more than 25,000 students have taken a Mariners Learning System online course since 2002, with a 98.7% success rate). We run hundreds of approved testing facilities throughout the country. A view a current list of dates and locations Click on this link.

What if I fail the test?

A big benefit of taking the exam through an authorized trainer like the MLS is that not only did we write the course but we also wrote the final exam, so your preparation will enable you to pass the course with flying colors and you will know where you stand during each stage that you prepare for the exam. If you do not pass one or more modules, you may retest twice more without delay on just the failed module. But don't worry! As long as you follow our processes and procedures throughout the learning experience there should be no surprises along the way.

MLS Seamanship Series – Marlinespike

Figure Eight Knot

Good knots are easy to tie, are easy to untie, and hold well.  A good knot will not untie itself.  In sailing vernacular, a knot is used to tie a line back upon itself, a bend used to secure two lines together, and a hitch is used to tie a line to a ring, rail or spar.  A knot used to secure a line to an object, such as a ring or eye, is a hitch.  The knots listed below are those most commonly used in boat operations.

Reef Knot

A figure eight knot is an overhand knot with an extra twist.  It will prevent the end of a line from feeding through a block or fairlead when loads are involved.  It is also easier to untie and does not jam as hard as the over hand knot. This knot resembles a figure eight and is also known as a stopper knot.

Becket Bend

Called a square knot by Boy Scouts, the reef knot is one of the most commonly used knots in marlinespike seamanship.  Reef knots are primarily used to join two lines of equal size and similar material.  Reef knots do not effectively hold two lines of different sizes or diameter. Caution should be used if the line is going to be under heavy strain since the reef knot can jam badly and become difficult to untie afterwards.  Reef knots are best used to finish securing laces (canvas cover, awning, sail to a gaff, etc.), temporary whippings, and other small stuff.

The sheet bend also known as becket bend is a bend that joins two lines that are if unequal size and diameter together.  It is the best knot for attaching a line to an eye splice and can be easily taken apart even after being under a load. When tying the sheet bend the running parts should be left long because there is some initial slip in the knot when the knot is first brought under tension.

Sheepshank

The sheepshank is a type of knot that is used to shorten a rope or take up slack. This knot is not stable. It can easily just fall apart under too much load or too little load. The knot has several features that allow a rope to be shortened:

• It provides two loops, one at each end of the knot which can be used to pass another rope through
• The knot remains somewhat secure under tension; the coarser the rope the more secure it is (see Disadvantages, below)
• The knot falls apart easily when tension is remove

Bowline

The bowline is a versatile knot and can be used anytime a temporary eye is needed in the end of a line.  It also works for tying two lines securely together, though there are better knots for this.  An advantage of bowlines is that they do not slip or jam easily.

MLS Seamanship Series - General Rules of the Road Definitions

International Rules are specific rules for all vessels on the high seas and in connecting waters navigable by seagoing vessels. The Inland Rules apply to all vessels upon the inland waters of the United States and to vessels of the United States on the Canadian waters of the Great Lakes to the extent that there is no conflict with Canadian law. The International Rules were formalized at the convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972. These rules are commonly called 72 COLREGS.

Inland Rules vary from International Rules primarily because of the addition of certain extra precautions. In our discussion of basic rules, each rule stated is the same for both international and inland waters unless a distinction was pointed out. When the term power-driven vessel is mentioned, for example, it means in both International and Inland, any vessel propelled by machinery as distinguished from a sailing vessel.

For the purpose of these rules, except where the context otherwise requires, the following definitions apply:

The term Inland waters means the navigable waters of the United States shoreward of the demarcation lines which divide the high seas from harbors, rivers, and other bodies of waters of the United States, and the waters of the Great Lakes of the United States’ side of the international boundary.

Demarcation lines are the lines that designate those waters upon which mariners must comply with the 72 COLREGS and those waters upon which mariners must comply with the Inland Navigation Rules. Nautical charts typically include a demarcation line that shows when the Navigation Rules transition from inland to international, so that boaters can be aware of changing standards of navigation. In general, these demarcation lines follow the coastline and cross-inlets and bays. On the seaward side of the demarcation lines, international rules apply.

With regards to the Rules of the Road the term Underway means that a vessel is not at anchor, made fast to shore, or aground.

The word vessel includes every description of watercraft, including non-displacement craft and seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.

The term power-driven vessel means any vessel propelled by machinery.

The term sailing vessel means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.

The term vessel engaged in fishing means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls, or other fishing apparatus that restrict maneuverability, but does not include a vessel fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus that do not restrict maneuverability.

The word seaplane includes any aircraft designed to maneuver on the water.

Restricted visibility means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms, or any other similar causes.

MLS Seamanship Series - Understanding Chart Symbols

Many different types of symbols and abbreviations are used on nautical charts.  This system provides mariners with a quick way to determine the physical characteristics of the charted area and information on Aids to Navigation .

These symbols are uniform and standardized, but may vary depending on the scale of the chart or chart series.  These chart symbols and abbreviations are shown in the Pamphlet ‘CHART No. 1’; published jointly by the Defense Mapping Agency Hydrographic Center and the National Ocean Service.

Buoys are shown with the following symbols:

• The basic symbol for a buoy is a diamond and small circle.
• A dot will be shown instead of the circle on older charts.
• The diamond may be above, below or alongside the circle or dot.
• The small circle or dot denotes the approximate position of the buoy mooring.
• The diamond is used to draw attention to the position of the circle or dot and to describe the aid to navigation.

Lighthouses and other fixed lights use a basic symbol that appears as a black dot with a magenta “flare” giving much the appearance of a large exclamation mark (!).  Major lights are named and described; minor lights are described only.

Daybeacons are indicated by small triangles or squares, which may be colored to match the aid.  Daybeacons, also commonly called day marks, are always fixed aids.  That is, they are on a structure secured to the bottom or on the shore.  They are of many different shapes.

Prominent landmarks, such as water towers, smoke stacks, and flagpoles, are pinpointed by a standard symbol of a dot surrounded by a circle.  A notation next to the symbol defines the landmark’s nature.  The omission of the dot indicates the location of the landmark is only an approximation.

Wrecks, Rocks, and Reefs are marked with standardized symbols, for example, a sunken wreck may be shown either by a symbol or by an abbreviation plus a number that gives the wreck’s depth at mean low or lower low water.  A dotted line around any symbol calls special attention to its hazardous nature. 

A system of abbreviations used alone or in combination, describes the Bottom Characteristics allowing selection of the best holding ground when anchoring. Knowledge of bottom quality is very important in determining an anchorage.

Shorthand representations have been developed and standardized for low-lying Structures such as jetties, docks, drawbridges, and waterfront ramps.  Such symbols are drawn to scale and viewed from overhead.

MLS Seamanship Series - Understanding Wind Chill

Just as there are persistent hot places around the world, there are persistent cold places. The cold air alone can be deadly but when the air is moving if feels much colder. 

Wind chill is the perceived decrease in air temperature felt by the body on exposed skin due to the flow of air. The wind chill temperature is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by wind and cold and is intended to give you an approximation of how cold the air feels on your body.

As the wind increases, it removes heat from the body, driving down skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature. If the temperature is 0°F and the wind is blowing at 15 mph, the wind chill temperature is -19°F. At this level, exposed skin can freeze in just a few minutes.

The only effect wind chill has on inanimate objects, such as car radiators and water pipes, is to shorten the amount of time for the object to cool. The inanimate object will not cool below the actual air temperature. For example, if the temperature outside is -5°F and the wind chill temperature is -31°F, then your car’s radiator temperature will be no lower than the air temperature of -5°F.

The Wind Chill Chart

To determine the wind chill temperature:

1. Find the value closest to your outside air temperature.
2. Find the value that most closely represents your present wind speed.
3. Your wind chill temperature is the value where this column and row meet.

Wind Chill and Your Safety

Q:    What is important about the wind chill besides feeling colder than the actual air
        temperature?

A:    The lower the wind chill temperature, the greater you are at risk for developing frost bite and/or
        hypothermia.  Frostbite occurs when your body tissue freezes. The most susceptible parts of the
        body are fingers, toes, ear lobes, and the tip of the nose. Hypothermia occurs when body core
        temperature, normally around 98.6°F falls below 95°F.